The Love Of Our Homeland Is Inborn In Us

The love of our homeland is inborn in us. Every human being loves his home, town and his country. This love is so strong in some people that it becomes the most powerful passion with them. They devote all their physical and mental energy to the service for their country. They even lay down their lives for the interest and and honour of their country. This strong feeling and emotional devotion is called patriotism.

Patriotism is essentially a noble sentiment. Only men of high character and noble spirit have it in a great measure. Ordinary human beings are more interested in their narrow personal affairs. Such people give no consideration to higher national matters. They can offer no big sacrifice for the sake of their motherland.
Unfortunately this noble sentiment of patriotism, sometimes,has been given a wrong form. It has flowed into wrong channels on many occasions in human history. In particular the feelings of patriotism have been confused in recent decades. Some misguided people have thought that patriotism means not love for ones own country but it also implies hatred for others. This view is wholly misconceived. True patriotism, no doubt, implies that one should defend one,s country against outside attack. But it certainly does not mean that one should idolise ones country. A patriot will serve his country but not at the cost of others.
In the present day word patriotism should mean not only love of ones own country but also love of the whole mankind.International or universal patriotism should be our motto in the world which is fast shrinking to the size of a small city where different countries are different streets. Narrow national patriotism cannot work in the present age.

It is only in this sense that I am a patriot and love my country Pakistan. This country is going to be a laboratory for new experiment. Here we propose to establish the Islamic order which is the best order in the world. It will solve all political economic, social and spiritual problems of suffering human beings. It will provide us chances for the maximum material and spiritual development. Our progress depends upon the future success of this country. That is why i love it and love it from the core of my heart.

How Are Super-Things Not Made By Supermen

We can think that the makers of super-things are supermen, but it is not so. We make super things, but we ourselves are not superman. We see super-things presented in advertisements, but super-men are not presented as their makers. For example, super trousers are advertised, but not super-tailors.

The things that are super-things now are super in names only. The world in which we find these super-things is the same as it was earlier without "super" things. Humorously and critically, the writer compares the increase in super-things to the increase in the supply of paper money. When the supply of paper money of the same value is doubled, its value is halved. So when too many titles like peers are given to people, their value gets reduced too much. When we have super-things like super-soaps all around, the value of "super" goes.

We are proud of things, not of persons. When we have too many super-things with us like titles of peers or counts, we reduce the value of these. It id critically noted that we are proud of the things that we make than of ourselves who make them. We are not proud of our dramatists and artists, but of our things.

We in the 20th century are not proud of our own qualities as exhibited in our works. Rather, we talk highly of our super-products. Like Rockefeller (great American industrialist and helper of the poor in the twentieth century), the richest are super-millionaires, not men of unusual qualities. The dress of the people, unlike the dress of the people of olden times (like that of the 15th century Prince), does not show their personal qualities.

Social & Psychological Problems Of The Confirmed Bachelor

The confirmed bachelors described by Hobert Gold at the start are representative of thousands of bechelors like him who live in American cities without much hope of their final settlement in life. In fact, this bachelor is symbolic of the many thousands of unmarried young men in other advanced countries like Britain and Italy who live unsettled lives because of their social and individual problems.
    We note that the people as a whole or society is not favourable to the confirmed bachelor. The writer describes a vast crowd of different kinds of men and women looking at and talking with the confirmed bachelor at different city parties.
    Firstly, the typical wife looks at him as a possible source of pleasure or entertainment for her. She only gets confused when she looks at his long unmarried state and hears the negative opinions of others of him. She is ready to become too old for marriage but she is not prepared to marry him because he is known as a confirmed bachelor. This shows the foolishness of fashionable and showy young women who just spoil their own chances of marriage or future by rejecting confirmed bachelors out of hand (at one).
    Secondly, another bachelor at first consider the confirmed bachelor a friend of his, but very soon begins looking at him as a rival who might steal his girl friend from him. Thus, the inner corruption and evil working of the mind make one bachelor develop feelings of jealously against amother bachelor.
    Thirdly, the hostess, one who acts as a dancing partner at clubs, thinks of him as a possible extra man who can dance with her, The psychiatrist, an expert in the treatment of mental illness, takes him as a patient for his treatment. Thus, other professional people look at the confirmed bachelor from a selfish viewpoint, that is, think of use that they could put him.

What Changes Do You Suggest In The Field Of Education

The present age is the age of science and technology. In every walk of life we need people educated in these fields. Technical education provides training in practical art and science. Pakistan has yet to go a long way to catch the advance countries of the world. This is possible only when we have enough trained men. So technical education is of the utmost importance for the progress and prosperity of our country. Unfortunately in the past, there has been great stress on general education. The British rulers of our country needed clerks and assistants in their offices to work under them. They introduced educational system which produced such people. But now time has changed.

Pakistan is now an independent and sovereign country. We have been intentionally kept backward and underdeveloped for two centuries. To compensate for the time thus lost we will have to work very hard. In order to make an advanced and prosperous country, we need mills and factories, mechanization of agriculture; building of roads and railways, bridges and canals, hospitals and schools.  But to achieve all this we need engineers, mechanics, doctors, teachers, skilled labour and many more technical experts. This is possible only when we have schools, colleges and universities where technical and scientific education is imparted to students who will later on look after all the development projects. It is heartening to note that the present government is giving due attention to technical education.

In the present day world technical hands are needed in every part of the world. Rich countries like to have labourers from developing countries where wages are low. These skilled and semi skilled workers get handsome salaries in European countries and the countries of the Middle East. In the recent past there has been a great tendency to go abroad. The labouring class especially desires to get a job by hook or by crook in a foreign country. These workers not only earn a good living for themselves but also send valuable foreign exchange to their countries demand skilled or semi-skilled labour. We can fulfill their demands only by giving technical education to young people.

In our own country prosperity depends on the development of agriculture, industry and commence. These can be improved only through scientific methods of cultivation and installation of more mills and factories and expansion of trade and commerce. To run these institutions we need experts and technicians. These people are now-a-days the builders of a nation. And we need them most. It is, therefore, the responsibiliy of the Government as well as of the nation, to make technical education common.

Smaller Dams & Water Shortages In Pakistan

Pakistan does not have enough water resources now in view of the rising demands, reduction in the supply of river water, continuous lowering of the underground water table and uncertain rainfall. A person needs 1000 cubic metres of water per year which was available several times earlier,but not now. That is why the UN declared 2003 to be the international year if freshwater. India has been constructing barrages and installing hydroelectricity plants across the river flowing into Pakistan in violation of the Indus Basin Treaty Of 1964. This has reduced the flow of water to us. The water flow from Afghanistan into Pakistan is also in danger of being reduced when she starts working on water storage projects on rivers flowing into our country.

The population is increasing fast.The supply of clean drinking (potable) water is not increasing. Farms and industries need more water as more land comes under cultivation and new industries are set up. The supply of canal water is decreasing. Tubs-wells do not pull enough water as the water table underground is going down. Factories and homes need cheap electricity. Electric energy is increasingly being produced by coal and gas, and so it is expensive.Electricity produced by water (hydroelectricity) is much cheaper, but we do not have enough dams for enhancing (increasing ) its production. So,in the present situation, not only big dams like Kalabagh and Bhasha-Diamer, but also smaller dams and reservoirs are urgently required. These smaller dams will serve us well locally in water emergencies and possible wars.

Let us discuss some smaller dams that are planned to be built. The Mirani dam multipurpose project is to be launched on the dasht river in Balochistan. The Dasht river flows in the rainy season, and thus, rain water is to be stored in it. The chotiari reservoir is to be constructed in Sindh to enlarge the storage capacity of the lake for irrigation purposes. It will draw water from the Nara and Lower -canal systems. The small Storage in the Chashma barrage on the Indus has served irrigation purposes very well. It gives hopes of having similar storage arrangements under our other 18 barrages on river systems where these facilities do not exist.

We have a large number of flood-water streams in the Frontier and Punjab provinces. The underground streams in Baluchistan are no secret. Small dams and reservoirs can be constructed at convenient places to store the water of these streams. This water can later by utilised for irrigation and other purposes. At the time of Independence, the small Namal dam on the Collar Nullah in the Mianwali District was the only reservoir in the country. Why can't we build such dams now in a large number when we have greater facilities of digging and construction and more funds? The flow, fall and force of the water in some of these dams and reservoirs can help us to generate hydroelectricity at cheap rates for local use.

Now, the benefit of a military-backed strong government can be in the form of construction of big and small dams and reservoirs of water with the mutual agreement of all the provinces. In the same way, the country,s major economic issues can be resolved without caring about politics and politicians who have already damaged the country tremendously.

Science Has Revolutionised Every Sphere Of Life

Modern age is the age of science. Science can be defined as systematic knowledge of natural phenomena. A scientists being curious to probe the secrets of nature collects facts, co-relates them and generalises them into laws. These scientific laws have enabled scientists to revolutionise man's life with modern inventions. Man has conquered Nature. He can now fly in the air, swim like a fish in the sea and travel on land at a high speed. He is no longer helpless before cyclones and storms. He can not only foresee them but also ward them off. He is master of natural forces. Scientific inventions have brought him comforts which his forefathers could not dream of.

Science has revolutionised every sphere of life. Agriculture, medicine, business, communications, transport,  press, sanitation, industry and even war. All phases of life are highly indebted to since which now performs more wonders than the flying carpet and Aladdin's lamp of the Arabian Nights. Electricity is one of the wonderful inventions of science. IT is a source of unlimited power. It is a great boon of science to humanity. It does all sort of work. It produces heat which cooks our food and warms our houses, it cleans our rooms,moves fans and lights our houses and streets. It draws water from the earth and irrigates our fields and thus increases yield. It runs factories which produce the necessities of life for us. Radio, television, cinema, telegraph, electric trains are all operated by it. All these inventions have added a lot to our joys and comforts of life.

Science has conquered distance.It has brought people of the world closer together. The earth seems to have shrunk in size and distant countries have been reduced to family members. Railway trains, motor cars, ships and aeroplanes have made long journeys easy and comport able. Science has conquered time as well. Scientific inventions like telephone, wireless and Internet have made it possible for us to talk with our friends and relatives at a great distance in no time.We can send message to any part of the world within a few minutes.

Science has greatly added to our delights and enjoyment. Radio, television and cinema provide means of recreation and entertainment.These make our leisure bright and cheerful. we can hear news,speeches and songs from all parts of the world with the help of our radio.Newspapers keep us in touch with all the people of the world.

Machines are wonderful achievements of science. They do almost every work for us, and they have, thus, saved our time and energy with new scientific implements the whole system of agriculture has been revolutionised. They have freed man from heavy and unpleasant work. Science has providing instant relief for pain we can diagnose a diseases with the help of X-Rays or ultrasound device which reveals the inner parts of human body. Science has given eyes to the blind and ears to the deaf.It has prolonged human life and made it less painful. The computer is a real wonder. It facilitates us in making calculations in records. Its use in the field of engineering, industry business, banking and many others has brought a revolution in our life. Nothing equals the invention of atomic energy. It has multiplied human resources of energy and increased the chances of human prosperity manifold.

College Convocation A Memorable Day

College convocation is an important function of a college. It is generally held at the end of each academic session to awards degrees to successful candidates and certificates and prizes to those students who have distinguished themselves in extra curricular activities. Our College Convocation was held in April,1998. Convocations could not be held during the past two years.The students of those two sessions.therefore.were also present to receive their degrees.

Invitation cards were dispatched to the honourable guests as soon as the date of the function was confirmed by the chief guest. The Federal Minister for Education was the chief guest on this occasion. There was a great activity even before the fixed time. Great arrangements were made to make this function a success. The college was cleaned and a dais was raised at the farthest end. Two beautiful chairs, one for the chief guest and one for our worthy principal, were placed on the dais. Sofa and chairs were arranged in the front row for the teaching staff and the distinguished guests. Behind them sat the students who had to receive their degrees. All the teachers and graduates looked impressive in their academic gowns.

Our vice-principal announced the arrival of the chief guest who entered the pindal with the principal and the members of teaching staff. All the guests and the students stood up to pay respect to the chief guest. The proceedings started with the recitation from the Holy Quran. Then the principal of our college read the welcome address and presented the report of the previous year.He told the audience about the achievements of the students in educational and extra-curricular activities.

The chief guest, in his speech, thanked the princiipal for inviting him on the occasion. He praised the diligence and ability of the students and advised them to work harder for their mother land.He showed his pleasure for the enviable achievements of the students. After the speech of the chief guest the name of the successful candidates, and the winners in different items of sports and athletics were announced. One by one they came and went back after receiving their prizes. The faces of the recipients of degrees were glowing with pleasure. The convocation came to and end with the principal's invitation to a cup of tea which was arranged in the college Hall.

Rural Life Charms And Attractions Of Village Life

Generally people living in cities do not like village life. They are so much accustomed to the noisy and brisk life of the cities that they fail to see anything attractive in country life. However, rural life has its own charms and attractions. The climate of a village is much better than that of a city. In the city, atmosphere is filled with smoke and dirt. Factories and congested houses make the whole atmosphere very injurious to health. In village fresh air and healthy surroundings make it an ideal place for enjoying a calm and quiet life.

In cities people of course have many amenities of life. They live in well-furnished houses. They have means of entertainment like cinema houses, clubs and societies to enjoy their leisure. But village life is also not devoid of its amusements. We can enjoy long walks in open fields, valleys and on the banks of rivers. Very healthy and simple games are played which bring pleasure and remove the dullness of the village life. Kabaddi, wrestling, races, volley-ball are games generally played in villages.

In the summer the villagers rest under shady trees, bathe either in canals or in cool water drawn out of the wells. They live in the airy kacha houses which are quite cool in spite of heat prevailing outside. They do not need electric fans and air conditioners.Summer nights in villages are really very pleasant.Villagers lie in the open and cool breeze lulls them to sleep with the result that they get refreshed by a sound sleep.

Rainy reason is the most pleasant season in the villages. Villagers bathe in the showers of rain.Children play games in water and splash it on one another. The whole atmosphere looks fresh and charming with the birds chirping in fruit laden trees. The winter has its own charms for the villagers. They bask in the sun sitting or lying in open fields. Sugar cane crushers are at work at different places.they drink the refreshing juice and eat the gur and sugar that is prepared out of it. Fresh vegetables, pure milk and butter are abundantly available there. Villagers are sage from the injurious effects of adulterated food. Therefore, they enjoy good health and live long.

All the day long they are busy in healthy occupations.in the evening they sit in the Chopal and gossip round the Hookah. They talk about different local matters.Sometimes they enjoy songs to the tunes of flute fairs,festivals and marriages are their special occasions for rejoicing, merry-making dancing, singing and masquerading.

Pollution is perhaps the worst aspect of modern living. It is the biggest negative point of city life. This pollution is causing various complicated diseases in modern age. 

Our villages can still boast of clean air. The only thing they lack is modern facilities like education and health care. If proper attention is given to this side, village life can be made more attractive. It will not only make villages still better places to live but will also stop the exodus of population towards the cities.

Broadcasting System Much Needed Scientific Invention Radio

One of the most wonderful achievements of the presents scientific age is the broadcasting system. The invention of radio has conquered space and time and brought people of the world closer together. The earth has become so small that a man can listen to the voices coming from all corners of the worlds.

Radio has so many advantages. It has a great educational value. Learned people, Living in the distant parts of the country who are not easily available or accessible to the people are invited to the radio station to deliver their valuable lectures full of precious information on almost all topics --- science, agriculture, politics, health and education. There are special programmes for school boys and college students. Accounts of recent inventions and adventures of great travellers are relayed from the radio stations. Besides we can always have the news about all the countries of the world and keep our information up to date. Listeners can enjoy simultaneously the matches being played thousands of miles away through spontaneous commentary relayed by radio.People throng round radio sets listen to their beloved leader or results of the general election. During war every person is keen to learn the latest position of the fighting forces in various sectors.

Radio has become the great source of entertainment. There are programmes of music, drama stories and others features which are broadcast all the day long. These programmes cater to the tastes of all types of listeners, from a rustic countryman to the most leaned and most sophisticated man of the city. There are programmes for the villagers as well as lot the businessmen. It gives useful information about the market fluctuation as well as the weather report about rains and wind storms.

Broadcasting can also be used as a powerful medium for propaganda ,both for the good and evil ends. Through it a nation can be excited to go to war and through it peace and understanding can be spread in the world. Radio can bring about social and political awakening among the masses that is why it is state-controlled. It keeps people well informed about the national projects and development

In spite of all these advantages there are some disadvantages also. Radio may become a great public nuisance. Careless neighbours or owners of restaurants tune their sets on a very high pitch and disturb the people about them. It may interfere with the studies of a student or cause inconvenience to a sick man. Again students and children may pay too much attention to music and other entertainment programmes and neglect their studies or other serious business of life. Hence,the possession of a radio set also demands a great sense of civil responsibility on the part of the owners.

Environmental Pollution And 22nd Century

Our movement into the 22nd century has neither been smooth nor very happy as we find the atmosphere and water risingly polluted. In the cities the air is getting dustier and dirtier and this pollution is becoming troublesome and dangerous to every one rich and poor same. Modern civilisation is basically responsible for the pollution in the atmosphere. The causes of this atmospheric or environmental pollution are, the rise in population or population explosion is much at the bases of the population problem.

With the increase in population we need more houses, more motorcycles, cars, buses and other vehicles giving out smoke and gases. Naturally forest areas are minimised, trees are cut down to make room for houses with the result that there is more of carbon dioxide and less of freshness in the air. With more roads, rail and air traffic the atmosphere is getting polluted. When there are more people and more houses, roads,  drains, pipes and garbage heaps multiply with the result that greenery begins to disappear and underground water resources begin getting polluted. The fuel for cooking purposes, it is gas or oil or coal, it burnt for greater quantities of food spreading pollution around. Population control is the need of the hour in view of the over crowded dirty and polluted cities and towns. The setting up of industrial centres and factories in areas closes to cities and towns adds to the already existing pollution. No doubt cities go on expanding and reach close to industrial areas or estates outside. But through careful planning residential areas can be located very far away from industrial complexes.

Machinery in factories should be such as gives out the least dangerous exhaust or makes the least noise. In certain parts of under developed countries industries are polluting the city water and atmosphere tremendously. For example, the industrial areas around the different cities are adding to water and atmospheric pollution. The tanneries give out liquids that mix with underground water reservoirs while their exhaust pollution the atmosphere. Tons of garbage or refuse and industrial wastes are dumped and unloaded underground or in rivers and seas. This causes dirty living conditions, killing of fish or sea animals or harms their growth. Falling oil from ships in the oceans proves dangerous to the sea life. Better ways of dumping industrial waste should be found so that the health and life of sea creatures and human beings are not affected. And the quantity of these wastes should be reduced through population control and demands for industrial products. The burring of chemicals and giving out the carbon dioxide and other gases by heavy machines and cars add greatly to atmospheric pollution. The carbon dioxide stops the sun rays from returning from the earth's surface after reflection. Earth is heating it causes storms, floods and dryness. The air that we take and breathe gets impure and we can fall ill more easily. The burning and air conditioning processes disturb the ozone layer above the atmosphere badly.

The disturbed ozone layer does not stop all the dangerous rays from reaching the earth. This causes too much heating of the earth diseases of the skin and other dangerous diseases if a person opens his body to the sun for long. Noise pollution is no less painful and harmful than the pollution caused by gases and chemicals.

A Picnic At River Chenab A Day I Still Remember

It was the month of March. The weather was quite pleasant. We made a programme to have a picnic on the river Chenab. It was only five miles away from our place. We worked out the little details of this picnic. Different friends had different suggestions regarding the lunch. Some proposed to assign one dish each to one group and to carry the cooked food there. Some suggested to place order for fast food like burgers and sandwiches to avoid any inconvenience. After a long discussion it was agreed that food should be prepared at the picnic spot and a cook be engaged to go with us. That will be a great fun and we will eat the lunch hot. After the decision was taken we engaged a local cook to go with us.

We assigned duties and prepared the menu according to our tastes. At about 9 O'clock in the morning when the sky was overcast, we started. Within an hour, we reached the bank of the river. We chose that point for our pleasure spot which was at the farthest end from where the double bridge of Chenab was visible. We put the things on the sandy bank under a shady tree. Free half an hour we took rest and enjoyed the scene. The water was flowing smoothly. The rays of the run fell on the river water and made it sparkling bright. A few people were boating in the river.

After some time we lit the fire and proceeded to prepare our meal. The cook started his work. A few of us lent him a helping hand. A friend made a tasty salad. At about 12 O,clock we had prepared everything. One of the girls spread the table cloth on the sand and we enjoyed a delicious meal. We had also brought some fruit which served as the sweet dish. After taking the meal we took rest for some time. Some of our friends, however, busied themselves with playing chess while a few listened to the music cassettes we had brought along with us.

We also enjoyed the stroll along the bank. Some girls sat on the bank of the river and splashed water on one another. The sun had now started descending. It appeared like a red ball, and its crimson rays on water and sand made the spot amazingly beautiful. The people bad started going back. We decided to return as the darkness was fast approaching. This was one of the most beautiful days of my life.

Tomb of Jahangir A Visit To A Historical Place In Pakistan

A visit to a historical place is highly educative. These places afford us a glimpse into the past. These are the marks of the different stages of the evolution of our culture.These reflect the great interest of the Muslim rulers in art and architecture. These are a symbol of their grandeur and magnanimity.

Once the History Society of our college planned to visit the famous.Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore. It was a place which many of us had not visited although we had heard a lot about it. The in charge of the society appointed the secretary of the society to collect the contribution and make necessary arrangements within a couple of days. On the appointed day we set out for Lahore and reached there at about 10 A.M. We decided to go to the tomb of Noor Jahan, the great queen of India first of all. Surrounded by beautiful parks, the front portion of the tomb presented a magnificent look whereas the main building did not appear to be looked after properly. We offered Fateha and proceeded to the arena where great king of India lay buried.

In a few moments we reached the tomb. The moment we entered through the big gate and looked round,we were rather disappointed. We thought that the tomb was not such a marvellous affair as we had expected to be, but the surprise really waited for us. As we moved further, we went into a garden. We crosses the magnificent garden to the entrance of the tomb and instead of going in decided to climb the towers first. From the tower we could see the city of Lahore which lay as one mass of different colours, of different shades and different heights.It seemed as if the river Ravi was flowing right under our feet and the valley of the river in its broadness and bareness, was picturesque indeed.

We enjoyed a lot. we came down from the tower, took our shoes off and walked into the main building of the tomb. The passage to the tomb was done in beautiful tiles with flowers in the in the best tradition of Mughal Style.

What surprised us most was the freshness and grandeur of the tomb which had been built more than three hundred years ago. It was awe-inspiring to see and feel that the place where we were standing was actually the place where the Emperor of India, the Great Mughal Jahangir, was buried. At a place like that fancy and imagination could be allowed to run free, but we also had in our minds the thoughts of getting back home before it was late for the mid-day meal. We came back with the impression that we definitely had seen one of the great monuments of history of the sub-continent.

How To Control Floods - Storm & Cyclone Disaster

Rivers are in flood in some parts of world every year. Floods cause large scale death of human beings and animals and destruction of property, crops, trees and vegetation. They disrupt the road and rail communication systems badly and cause suspension of regular bus and train services. Even airports and runways are affected and air services can be suspended. Electric poles are uprooted and gas and oil pipes are rendered (causes to become) unserviceable. Bridges are washed away disconnecting one region (wide area) from another. The advanced countries like the US, Russia and China have controlled floods in a big way. It is worthwhile (rewarding) to learn their methods of river and flood control. It is also advisable to plan the use and diversion of flood waters in times of emergency. The four provinces of our country and the neighbouring areas from where glaciers melt or water flows into our rivers in any form should all be associated with our water programmes and policies.

Firstly, the main cause of floods is, of course, excessive (too much) rainfall on the mountains and in the catchment areas. The rainwater flows into the rivers that overflow their banks on the plains. The flood waters enter all the low lying areas near or at a distance from the rivers. They spare neither villages nor towns nor cities. Secondly, storm and cyclones (circular strong winds) and hurricanes (violent storms) join the sea waves and cause the flooding of the coastal areas on a wide scale. Such flooding took place in Southern Sindh and Makran in Balochistan in the past and recently in 2007. Thirdly, there are breaches in the existing dams or water reservoirs causing the inundation (flooding) of wide areas, destruction of whole villages and towns. The people of interior Sindh and Balochistan faced such a situation several times. The danger of the bursting of the Mirani dam in Balochistan forced the people in the adjoining areas to flee to safer places causing them great hardship. There was acute (very great) shortage of food items, drinking water and medicines and the prices of goods of daily use shot up abnormally in the flood affected areas.

The need to control floods in the country is paramount (supreme). For this, big dams across the rivers may be constructed. The floodwater that goes waste or cause large scale destruction can be stored in them. Some empty dams or reservoirs, natural or manmade, may be kept lying for emergencies so that the extra floodwater may be fed into them. This water can be used later in the dry season for agriculture purposes. The courses of the rivers may also be changed to facilitate free flow of water into the sea. Or the rivers can be made to flow over low lying areas that can be converted (changed) into lakes with floodwater. The riverbeds can be dug deeper by the armed forces and labour force. Water passages or channels parallel to the already existing rivers and canals may be dug with modern machines.

Hydroelectricity Importance Of Diamer Bhasha Dams In Pakistan

The Introduction:

1. The controversy over the Kalabagh dam and decision to build the Bhasha Diamer and other dams first.
2. The sources of water of the Diamer-Bhasha and Katzara dams.
3. Advantages of the Diamer Bhasha dam.
4. Monetary benefits of the people from the Diamer Bhasha dam.
5. The disturbances that are to be caused by the construction of the dams.
6. The conclusion. The northern areas and provinces are bound together.

The controversy in the country over the construction of the Kalabagh dam continued for months in 2005.
It brought the government in January 2006 to decide in favour of construction of the Diamer Bhasha dam first. It also decided to construct the Munda, Kalabagh, Akori and Kurram dams after the Diamer Bhasha dam.

This dam will be situated in the Bhasha village, about 177 kilometres south of glaciers at Chilas. The Katzara dam at Skardu will also get water from the glaciers. As against this, the Kalabagh dam will recieve monsoon rain water in huge quantities.

The Diamer Bhasha dam and the other dams in the region (large area) are no doubt required to absorb the wastage of the water of the glaciers. Their construction will provide water to the valleys and hilly areas through channels from the dam. This will cause tremendous increase in the production of grain, fruits and vegetables. The generation (production) of hydro-electricity at cheap rates will at once bring about a revolutionary change in the lives of the mountainous people.

In monetary terms, the people of Gilgit, Baltistan and the surrounding areas will benefits from the royalties (sum of money obtained) on the dam water. These royalties will be paid by the Punjab and Sindh mostly, which will be using the dam water after its use by the local people.

The dam will surely cause disturbances to some of the local people. They will be compensated for it and alternative homes will be provided to them by the government. Otherwise, there is no possibility of any kind of flooding or damage to the soil on account of the construction of the dam. The people should, therefore, not feel worried at all on the score of the dam's construction.

The fates of all the people of the northern areas and the people of the four provinces are ted together. They will advance and prosper together. They will suffer and struggle jointly as they all are one in facing natural disasters and the bounties (rewards and presents) of God Almighty and Nature.
(The technical details, exact dimensions and locations of the new dams will be provided as they are made public by the government agencies).

Steel Mills & Other Industrial Sector Development

Industrial development is as much necessary as agriculture development for any country. Any country can be advanced and prosperous only if it industrialise well like other advanced countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Industrial development is necessary for many reasons. Industries provide employment to the many people. Most of the unemployed people can get jobs in newly opened factories and manufacturing centres as labourers, technicians and workers of different categories. Further as we mechanise our farms the idle agricultural labourers and farmers will be able to get work regularly in industrial establishments in villages or cities. We can modernise our agriculture well only if we have well established industries. We need harvesters, tractors, threshers, bulldozers, tube well engines and so on to mechanise our farming. Then we need spare parts for these machines to run them properly.

We need a great many factories producing all these machines and their spares. We need more factories producing fertilisers. With more industrialisation, more and more people get employed in factories at proper wages and salaries. The general standards of living rise as people buy and use different kinds of mass produced goods like transistors, television, radio and electric fans, fine cloth and so on.
Industries promote trade and commerce and traders, shopkeepers, dealers and labourers bring goods from factories to wholesale or shops. Banks also do a lot of business by keeping the money of industrialists and traders and by giving them loans. There is greater circulation of money and the economy expands. Industries promote foreign trade this will help to increase industrial development. Now we export big quantities of industrial products for example we export woollen cloth, cotton, cement, cigarettes, medicines, sports goods,  shoes, surgical instruments and so on produced in our factories. We can manufacture motorcycles, scooters, cars, tractors, refrigerators, air conditioners etc. for use defence. As soon as possible,we should begin producing military trucks, submarines, warplanes and so on. For this we shall have to develop the iron and steel industry on the most modern lines.

We should think seriously about the ways of becoming an industrial power and we should promote scientific education and research in a complete way. We need them to help industrial experts to set up and run different industries. We need good scientists or men of science to invent new machines and industrial processes. We should establish small scale cottage industries in our villages. Heavy and medium scale industries can be set up at the seaports, in the cities and industrial centres. The setting up of the Karachi steel mills and the taxila heavy industries complex should be the beginning of the complex but necessary process of industrialisation. Rapid and complete industrialisation will remove the dark clouds of poverty surrounding us. It will bring us power and glory n makes nation strong.

Uses of Solar Energy in Lighting System And Modern World

Solar energy is a very useful form of energy like atomic and wind energy. The problems of rising costs of fuels like oil and gas and the pollution caused by them have made scientists work on solar energy for man's future use. About half of the solar energy is light,about half is infrared radiation and very little ultraviolet radiation.

In older times in China, Egypt, the Middle East, Greece and Italy solar energy was used to evaporate salt water to get salt. Crop drying through solar heat was also common. In the 19th century, it was used for preparing wine in Chile. In the early 20th century, it was used in Egypt to run an engine for pumping irrigation water from the Nile.

In modern times, the first main use of solar energy is to change it into thermal energy. Solar rays hit a flat plate collector which absorbs a lot of heat. This flat plate collector is then used for water heating, house heating, air-conditioning and for getting salt from salt water and pure drinking water from sea water. Solar water-heaters are in use in Australia, Japan and America. In air conditioning the flat plate collector supplies heat to operate an air conditioner. In solar evaporation, pure water vapor is collected in storage tanks.
Scientists are trying to convert solar energy to electric energy through solar cells. A solar cell is an invention that directly changes solar radiation to electric energy. Spaceships get their electric power through solar cells. Further, they are being used to provide power supplies from them. At present the cost of producing electricity from solar cells is high.

Heat engines are being used to convert solar energy to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used directly or again converted to electric energy for operating machines. Heat collectors are used to heat fluids whose steam passes through engines where it is converted to mechanical energy.

We can use the solar energy or heat stored in the sea. Most of the solar energy that comes to the world is taken by the sea. The water and the surface of the sea is warmer than at the depth. Heat flows from the area of higher temperature to that of a lower one. There have been attempts to make solar cars in Europe and elsewhere. These cars run electric energy instead of oil. The car batteries charged with solar energy provide the electric energy.

Solar energy may be answer to many of our energy problems.

Rising Prices Of Electronics And Food Inflation In World

Inflation problem is there when the supply of money is more higher than the supply of goods. It means that increase in money and price which does not result in increased production of goods. There are many reasons of rising prices. Firstly, when people start using diffetent things more their prices rise. Prices of different things rise if there supply becomes less for the reason of strikes, factories closure, rainfall absence, floods and so on. Another cause of rising prices is the rise in the standards of living of people. When people start living a better life with an increase in their earning they need more shoes, clothes, food and other daily use things.
They want to buy more expensive things for their comfort and enjoyment like heaters, electric fans, airconditions, and LCDs and so on.

Education becomes more common in people and they began reading more newspapers, books and magazines. When production increase the cost of production aslo rise because of more labourers and workers and more price of raw materials and so on. The government will surely forced to print more currency notes and increase the supply of money in society. Then it can pay more salaries and wages to their workers. But if there is no increase in the production of goods as much as its requries than prices suddenly jump. A country may import more raw material for its factories. Country may import more machines and tools and food items. The prices of these may be high in world market. Then tha country should be importe them on high price.

Infact all countries should take serious and joint steps to overcome on this inflation. Other world agencies should try to solve disputed between countries. There should be peace atmosphere everywhere. Countries and nations will work together and keep prices at a proper level. They will stop wasting there resources on wars. The world population increacing should be checked. It is difficult to increase the production of goods as fast as the population is rising. It is very important to study all causes of inflation and then these causes must be eliminated.

Natural Disasters Tsunami Earthquake

1. The introduction. What are natural disasters?
2. The natural disasters of 2004 and 2005 in the world.
3. How can we protect ourselves from natural disasters?
4. The conclusion. What the developing countries should do.
    Natural disasters or catastrophes can be controlled up to a point, and most of us often feel helpless before them. A natural disaster is an unexpected event such as a violent storm, flood, earthquake, lightning, landslides (masses of earth, rock, etc. falling down from above) the attack of locusts (winged insects attacking fields in very large numbers) and the spread of diseases from birds or animals (bird flu, etc.). When lightning strikes a moving ship, plane, building, or a number of people anywhere, it is considered to be a natural disaster.
   We witnessed natural disasters one after another in 2004 and 2005. There was a series of massive Asian tsunamis (Attacks of sea waves) in South-East Asia which were the result of earthquakes in the depths of oceans. They shook and moved islands, hit seacoasts and caused thousands of deaths and large-scale destruction. Then there were heavy floods and rainfall in Balochistan that caused a large number of deaths and extensive damage to dams, roads, and fields. In line with these disasters (calamities or catastrophes) was the earthquake of 2005 in our nothern areas that caused, in a way uncountable (countless) deaths and massive destruction. Whole villages, towns and cities were wiped out and tens of thousand of people got killed or made homeless. The mighty storm that hit the US in 2005, names Katrina, was no less destructive.
   Now the question arises: what can we do to protect ourselves from natural disasters of the above kind? Firstly, we should have advance warning systems for storms and floods. We can then make timely preparations to face them. Secondly, there is urgent need to start research on the changes under the surface of the earthquake predictions or forecasts.
   When forecasts for earthquakes or natural disasters are not possible, we should use all the available resources to face them. The government and people should get together to help the affected people and countries. The UN and other world agencies can arrange and supervise the rehabilitation work. This did happen in the case of the tsunamis, Kitrina, and our earthquake most prominently.
   The world should set up disaster information centres in each of the five continents. The advanced countries should offer knowledge and resources to these centres for forecasts of all kinds of natural disasters. They should have arrangements of money, food, clothing, house building, and vehicles for ready help. Different countries should have information and assistance centres in all their provinces.
   The developing countries like ours should attend to the education of all the people on the most modern lines. Educated and trained people can better face natural disasters intelligently and successfully.
You can read more about these natural disasters here:
http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/03/16-japan-disaster-kaufmann

A Drowing Tragedy A Horrible Memory

I was a small boy of ten when my father once took me along with him for excursion to a big canal. It was a company of elders and other members of  the party had also brought one or two of their children with them. We reached there early in the morning. Two members of the party started preparing food with the help of a cook and a servant. The breakfast, when prepared, was enjoyed by all.

They had taken a casette player and choicest cassettes with them for entertainment. Other members of the party started playing various games. Some of them sat round the carom, other opened their chess-board and still others formed groups to play cards.

After sometimes some of the members who were swimmers went to the canal to have a bath. Some children also followed them. When they reached the bank of the canal the elders advised the young boys not to enter into the water but some boys insisted and told them that they knew well to swim. However, the elders advised them to remain near the bank and not try to enter into the water.

After about an hour or so, all sat on the carpets to have their meal. A member of the party called his son Ashraf aged ten or eleven. The father got no reply. He thought Ashraf might be playing somewhere with his fellow childrens but all had come by this time and were sitting by the side of their fathers and enjoying lunch. The father went hither and thither and searched all around but the boy was nowhere to be found. He shouted and shouted his name again and again, but to no effect. It disturbed all and mamy other persons also left their food and helped their companion in his search for the son.

Groups of people went to different directions and all came without any clue. After this fruitless search, all expressed their fear and they came to the conclusion that the boy might have been drowned. A thorough search was, therefore, begun in the canal by a party of the swimmers. They went a long way together hand in hand. After about half an hour's search, they succeeded in finding out the dead body of the boy.

The father began to weep bitterly over the corpse of his son. Many other too, joined him in weeping over the lot of the boy it was all useless. The loss was irreparable. The father had to bow down his head before the will of God.

World's Best Political System Democracy The Third World

Stability or continuity in the progressive policies and actions of the government and people is possible only in a suitable political, economic and social system. We cannot except to achieve the highest levels of civilized life and cannot take ourselves to the heights of progress if we do not have suitable and favourable political, economic and social conditions inside the country.

The best political system is that in which the people can have the best leaders elected by them from time to time. These leaders should be able to form the government. And, this government should be able to work for a definitre period of time, say four or five years, undisturbed by any change if it functions well. Now, this kind of political system is the president one, the more than acceptable and popular in the whole world and which has successfully worked in the US for more than 200 years. In this system, the President is elected for a definite period, and he appoints his own ministers or secretaries. He works in close association with the Congress (the two houses elected by the people). In this arrangement he can pursue (follow) his policies for some years and the Congress cannot remove him through a vote of no-confidence as the House of Representatives of the British Parliament or the lower house of our Parliament or the Indian Parliament can remove the Prime Minister. Because of our long connections (associations) with the British, we adopted the parliamentary system.

Our blind adoption of the parliamentary system following India in its footsteps amounted to throwing dust into the eyes of the intellectuals and poor people. This has caused the present most ugly situation in the assemblies with the compnents of the coalition (an offshot of the ignominious parliamentary system) at loggerheads (in disagreement) over the judges issue and other matters.

In the presidential political system looks more suitable , when can it work well in our country? it can work smoothly on some conditions which is fulfilled, will give rise to political stability, social equality and economic justice at the same time.

First of all, the people as a whole should be educated well. The literacy rate will have to be raised to around 95 per cent so that the people can not only read and write, but have reasonable knowledge and understanding of the basic sciences and arts. The common people will have to be made quite fully conscious of the political, social, economic, military and religious truths and realities so that they may be able to understand the abilities and capacities of the candidates for the assemblies and ocal bodies.
Secondly, the feudal system should be completely broken up and abolished in the country. No big landowner or landlord in the villages should be allowed to own so large farms as they do today. The villagers, then, will be able to study independently and think rightly and vote judiciously )with good judgement).

It is, then, quite clear that we need a just (equitable) political, economic and social system in the country in which decocracy can grow and develop (can flourish). It is entirely wrong to say that the country at present has any kind of suitable system of life, which can bring about a big social change for the betterment of the people. And, likewise, it is foolish to claim that we have a democracy comparable to the true democracies in the worlds today like the Amercican, British, French, Canadian, Australian and Japanese.