Smaller Dams & Water Shortages In Pakistan

Pakistan does not have enough water resources now in view of the rising demands, reduction in the supply of river water, continuous lowering of the underground water table and uncertain rainfall. A person needs 1000 cubic metres of water per year which was available several times earlier,but not now. That is why the UN declared 2003 to be the international year if freshwater. India has been constructing barrages and installing hydroelectricity plants across the river flowing into Pakistan in violation of the Indus Basin Treaty Of 1964. This has reduced the flow of water to us. The water flow from Afghanistan into Pakistan is also in danger of being reduced when she starts working on water storage projects on rivers flowing into our country.

The population is increasing fast.The supply of clean drinking (potable) water is not increasing. Farms and industries need more water as more land comes under cultivation and new industries are set up. The supply of canal water is decreasing. Tubs-wells do not pull enough water as the water table underground is going down. Factories and homes need cheap electricity. Electric energy is increasingly being produced by coal and gas, and so it is expensive.Electricity produced by water (hydroelectricity) is much cheaper, but we do not have enough dams for enhancing (increasing ) its production. So,in the present situation, not only big dams like Kalabagh and Bhasha-Diamer, but also smaller dams and reservoirs are urgently required. These smaller dams will serve us well locally in water emergencies and possible wars.

Let us discuss some smaller dams that are planned to be built. The Mirani dam multipurpose project is to be launched on the dasht river in Balochistan. The Dasht river flows in the rainy season, and thus, rain water is to be stored in it. The chotiari reservoir is to be constructed in Sindh to enlarge the storage capacity of the lake for irrigation purposes. It will draw water from the Nara and Lower -canal systems. The small Storage in the Chashma barrage on the Indus has served irrigation purposes very well. It gives hopes of having similar storage arrangements under our other 18 barrages on river systems where these facilities do not exist.

We have a large number of flood-water streams in the Frontier and Punjab provinces. The underground streams in Baluchistan are no secret. Small dams and reservoirs can be constructed at convenient places to store the water of these streams. This water can later by utilised for irrigation and other purposes. At the time of Independence, the small Namal dam on the Collar Nullah in the Mianwali District was the only reservoir in the country. Why can't we build such dams now in a large number when we have greater facilities of digging and construction and more funds? The flow, fall and force of the water in some of these dams and reservoirs can help us to generate hydroelectricity at cheap rates for local use.

Now, the benefit of a military-backed strong government can be in the form of construction of big and small dams and reservoirs of water with the mutual agreement of all the provinces. In the same way, the country,s major economic issues can be resolved without caring about politics and politicians who have already damaged the country tremendously.

Science Has Revolutionised Every Sphere Of Life

Modern age is the age of science. Science can be defined as systematic knowledge of natural phenomena. A scientists being curious to probe the secrets of nature collects facts, co-relates them and generalises them into laws. These scientific laws have enabled scientists to revolutionise man's life with modern inventions. Man has conquered Nature. He can now fly in the air, swim like a fish in the sea and travel on land at a high speed. He is no longer helpless before cyclones and storms. He can not only foresee them but also ward them off. He is master of natural forces. Scientific inventions have brought him comforts which his forefathers could not dream of.

Science has revolutionised every sphere of life. Agriculture, medicine, business, communications, transport,  press, sanitation, industry and even war. All phases of life are highly indebted to since which now performs more wonders than the flying carpet and Aladdin's lamp of the Arabian Nights. Electricity is one of the wonderful inventions of science. IT is a source of unlimited power. It is a great boon of science to humanity. It does all sort of work. It produces heat which cooks our food and warms our houses, it cleans our rooms,moves fans and lights our houses and streets. It draws water from the earth and irrigates our fields and thus increases yield. It runs factories which produce the necessities of life for us. Radio, television, cinema, telegraph, electric trains are all operated by it. All these inventions have added a lot to our joys and comforts of life.

Science has conquered distance.It has brought people of the world closer together. The earth seems to have shrunk in size and distant countries have been reduced to family members. Railway trains, motor cars, ships and aeroplanes have made long journeys easy and comport able. Science has conquered time as well. Scientific inventions like telephone, wireless and Internet have made it possible for us to talk with our friends and relatives at a great distance in no time.We can send message to any part of the world within a few minutes.

Science has greatly added to our delights and enjoyment. Radio, television and cinema provide means of recreation and entertainment.These make our leisure bright and cheerful. we can hear news,speeches and songs from all parts of the world with the help of our radio.Newspapers keep us in touch with all the people of the world.

Machines are wonderful achievements of science. They do almost every work for us, and they have, thus, saved our time and energy with new scientific implements the whole system of agriculture has been revolutionised. They have freed man from heavy and unpleasant work. Science has providing instant relief for pain we can diagnose a diseases with the help of X-Rays or ultrasound device which reveals the inner parts of human body. Science has given eyes to the blind and ears to the deaf.It has prolonged human life and made it less painful. The computer is a real wonder. It facilitates us in making calculations in records. Its use in the field of engineering, industry business, banking and many others has brought a revolution in our life. Nothing equals the invention of atomic energy. It has multiplied human resources of energy and increased the chances of human prosperity manifold.

Broadcasting System Much Needed Scientific Invention Radio

One of the most wonderful achievements of the presents scientific age is the broadcasting system. The invention of radio has conquered space and time and brought people of the world closer together. The earth has become so small that a man can listen to the voices coming from all corners of the worlds.

Radio has so many advantages. It has a great educational value. Learned people, Living in the distant parts of the country who are not easily available or accessible to the people are invited to the radio station to deliver their valuable lectures full of precious information on almost all topics --- science, agriculture, politics, health and education. There are special programmes for school boys and college students. Accounts of recent inventions and adventures of great travellers are relayed from the radio stations. Besides we can always have the news about all the countries of the world and keep our information up to date. Listeners can enjoy simultaneously the matches being played thousands of miles away through spontaneous commentary relayed by radio.People throng round radio sets listen to their beloved leader or results of the general election. During war every person is keen to learn the latest position of the fighting forces in various sectors.

Radio has become the great source of entertainment. There are programmes of music, drama stories and others features which are broadcast all the day long. These programmes cater to the tastes of all types of listeners, from a rustic countryman to the most leaned and most sophisticated man of the city. There are programmes for the villagers as well as lot the businessmen. It gives useful information about the market fluctuation as well as the weather report about rains and wind storms.

Broadcasting can also be used as a powerful medium for propaganda ,both for the good and evil ends. Through it a nation can be excited to go to war and through it peace and understanding can be spread in the world. Radio can bring about social and political awakening among the masses that is why it is state-controlled. It keeps people well informed about the national projects and development

In spite of all these advantages there are some disadvantages also. Radio may become a great public nuisance. Careless neighbours or owners of restaurants tune their sets on a very high pitch and disturb the people about them. It may interfere with the studies of a student or cause inconvenience to a sick man. Again students and children may pay too much attention to music and other entertainment programmes and neglect their studies or other serious business of life. Hence,the possession of a radio set also demands a great sense of civil responsibility on the part of the owners.

Hydroelectricity Importance Of Diamer Bhasha Dams In Pakistan

The Introduction:

1. The controversy over the Kalabagh dam and decision to build the Bhasha Diamer and other dams first.
2. The sources of water of the Diamer-Bhasha and Katzara dams.
3. Advantages of the Diamer Bhasha dam.
4. Monetary benefits of the people from the Diamer Bhasha dam.
5. The disturbances that are to be caused by the construction of the dams.
6. The conclusion. The northern areas and provinces are bound together.

The controversy in the country over the construction of the Kalabagh dam continued for months in 2005.
It brought the government in January 2006 to decide in favour of construction of the Diamer Bhasha dam first. It also decided to construct the Munda, Kalabagh, Akori and Kurram dams after the Diamer Bhasha dam.

This dam will be situated in the Bhasha village, about 177 kilometres south of glaciers at Chilas. The Katzara dam at Skardu will also get water from the glaciers. As against this, the Kalabagh dam will recieve monsoon rain water in huge quantities.

The Diamer Bhasha dam and the other dams in the region (large area) are no doubt required to absorb the wastage of the water of the glaciers. Their construction will provide water to the valleys and hilly areas through channels from the dam. This will cause tremendous increase in the production of grain, fruits and vegetables. The generation (production) of hydro-electricity at cheap rates will at once bring about a revolutionary change in the lives of the mountainous people.

In monetary terms, the people of Gilgit, Baltistan and the surrounding areas will benefits from the royalties (sum of money obtained) on the dam water. These royalties will be paid by the Punjab and Sindh mostly, which will be using the dam water after its use by the local people.

The dam will surely cause disturbances to some of the local people. They will be compensated for it and alternative homes will be provided to them by the government. Otherwise, there is no possibility of any kind of flooding or damage to the soil on account of the construction of the dam. The people should, therefore, not feel worried at all on the score of the dam's construction.

The fates of all the people of the northern areas and the people of the four provinces are ted together. They will advance and prosper together. They will suffer and struggle jointly as they all are one in facing natural disasters and the bounties (rewards and presents) of God Almighty and Nature.
(The technical details, exact dimensions and locations of the new dams will be provided as they are made public by the government agencies).

Uses of Solar Energy in Lighting System And Modern World

Solar energy is a very useful form of energy like atomic and wind energy. The problems of rising costs of fuels like oil and gas and the pollution caused by them have made scientists work on solar energy for man's future use. About half of the solar energy is light,about half is infrared radiation and very little ultraviolet radiation.

In older times in China, Egypt, the Middle East, Greece and Italy solar energy was used to evaporate salt water to get salt. Crop drying through solar heat was also common. In the 19th century, it was used for preparing wine in Chile. In the early 20th century, it was used in Egypt to run an engine for pumping irrigation water from the Nile.

In modern times, the first main use of solar energy is to change it into thermal energy. Solar rays hit a flat plate collector which absorbs a lot of heat. This flat plate collector is then used for water heating, house heating, air-conditioning and for getting salt from salt water and pure drinking water from sea water. Solar water-heaters are in use in Australia, Japan and America. In air conditioning the flat plate collector supplies heat to operate an air conditioner. In solar evaporation, pure water vapor is collected in storage tanks.
Scientists are trying to convert solar energy to electric energy through solar cells. A solar cell is an invention that directly changes solar radiation to electric energy. Spaceships get their electric power through solar cells. Further, they are being used to provide power supplies from them. At present the cost of producing electricity from solar cells is high.

Heat engines are being used to convert solar energy to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used directly or again converted to electric energy for operating machines. Heat collectors are used to heat fluids whose steam passes through engines where it is converted to mechanical energy.

We can use the solar energy or heat stored in the sea. Most of the solar energy that comes to the world is taken by the sea. The water and the surface of the sea is warmer than at the depth. Heat flows from the area of higher temperature to that of a lower one. There have been attempts to make solar cars in Europe and elsewhere. These cars run electric energy instead of oil. The car batteries charged with solar energy provide the electric energy.

Solar energy may be answer to many of our energy problems.